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Have you heard of that missing black woman?
by Anuradha Kher, posted December 10, 2007
If you have been watching Larry King Live on CNN, or On the record with Greta Van Susteren on FOX news or the Today Show on MSNBC in the last three weeks, you will be up-to-date with news and developments in the high profile cases of Natalee Holloway and Stacy Peterson. And if by some chance you tuned into Nancy Grace on Headline News, chances are
that you are about to explode with information about missing women like Holloway and Peterson.
Holloway, a teenager went missing during a graduation trip in 2005 from Aruba. Last week, the Federal Bureau of Investigation re-arrested three young men previously named as suspects in the disappearance.
But even before the FBI released any substantial new information with regard to their arrests, the media, mainly the cable news shows, went into full drive with the coverage of the case. Shows like Larry King Live and Greta Van Susteren summoned lawyers, experts and even family members to comment on the new developments. This Saturday, two of the suspects in the case were released once again after a judge ruled the evidence wasn’t strong enough to keep holding them.
Meanwhile, 23-year-old Stacy Peterson, who has been missing since October of this year, has been at the center of another media storm. Authorities have named her 53-year-old husband a suspect in what they have said is a potential homicide. While, there have been no breakthroughs in the case yet, it hasn’t discouraged Larry King and others from speculating about the case on live prime time television, thereby brining a ton of attention to the case. As it happens, both Holloway and Peterson are white attractive women.
Is it just a coincidence that the two most famous missing people in America right now happen to be young white women? Historical evidence suggests that this instance is the rule rather than the exception.
Media coverage of cases related to missing white women has been disproportionately larger than the coverage of cases related to missing women of minorities and missing men.
Compare, for instance, coverage and name recognition for the cases of Natalee Holloway (missing since 2005 from Aruba and presumed dead), Lori Hacking (found murdered in 2004), Laci Peterson (went missing in 2002, found murdered), Elizabeth Smart (went missing in 2002, found alive), and Audrey Seiler (allegedly kidnapped in Wisconsin; later Seiler admitted to faking her own kidnapping) with the cases of Tamika Huston (disappeared in 2004, later found dead), LaToyia Figueroa (five-month pregnant African American and Hispanic woman went missing in 2005 and was found murdered), Lottie Wise (a black 91-year-old Alzheimer’s patient went missing. Wise got next to no coverage) and Kenji Ohmi (a Japanese student studying in the United States. Went missing in 2006 and was found dead a month later the same year.) Chances are you won’t even know who the people on the second list are. According to FBI statistics, African-Americans and other minorities make up a larger portion of missing victims than the media represents. However, cases like Huston’s often get little attention.
When Huston, a 24-year-old African-American girl from South Carolina went missing in 2004, Eugene Kane, a black journalist for the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote a column chastising the media for completely overlooking her case. He pointed out the obvious: that Huston’s disappearance had not been featured on the usual round of morning and evening TV shows that regularly jump on the bandwagon for missing women. http://www2.jsonline.com/news/metro/sep04/262204.asp
A similar case involved 25-year-old LaToyia Figueroa, of African-American and Hispanic descent who was reported missing in 2005. Figueroa, who was five months pregnant at the time, was reported missing after she failed to show up to work. She was later found strangled to death.
But Figueroa’s disappearance got no attention on cable television news. Channels, such as CNN, MSNBC, and Fox News Channel, neglected to cover Figueroa’s story in favor of Natalee Holloway, a Caucasian teen missing on the island of Aruba. Since Figueroa’s case was similar to the Laci Peterson case, ideally it should have got the same amount of attention.
In June this year MSNBC was criticized by bloggers for cancelling a segment on a missing 22-year-old African-American Florida girl, Stepha Henry, to cover Paris Hilton. http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/msnbc/paris_think_about_what_isnt_covered_60687.asp
The tendency of the media to give preference to cases involving young white women has been termed as the missing white woman syndrome. The term has become so common, not only in the media and among media critics, but also among other Americans, that it now has its own entry on Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome
The missing white woman syndrome is a term used to describe the alleged disproportionate media coverage of white female victims. The individual may be simply missing, or worse, raped and murdered; but the essential element of the phenomenon is that her gender, race, and age play a big role on why she is chosen—out of the thousands of people who go missing in the Unites States every year—to be featured prominently on the news.
Reporting on these “missing white woman” stories may last for weeks or months and displace reporting on other current events. However, it has been most prevalent in U.S. media, on 24-hour cable news channels with shows like Nancy Grace and Greta Van Susteren whose main diet consists of various reports on missing women.
There might be two reasons or a combination of these two reasons that explain this trend:
1. The life line of cable news is ratings and popularity. So it’s not surprising that a channel would choose to show the news that garners the highest ratings for it. In the year 2005-06, ratings for Headline News’ prime time show, Nancy Grace, increased 181 percent, from an average of 216,000 to 606,000 viewers, the most growth of any cable news show during that year. Meanwhile, Greta Van Susteren’s On the Record on Fox New Channel became the most watched news show on cable TV among the key demographic group of 25-54 year-olds, according to Nielsen Research. During July 2005, the show averaged 614,000 viewers in that age bracket. During much of the month, Van Susteren anchored her show from Aruba to keep close watch on the hunt for missing teenager Natalee Holloway.
What gets those ratings is news that can keep the audience gripped. The most common reason for people to be interested in any kind of news or event is if they are about to connect with it and relate to it. In a country with a majority white population that news often tends to be about whites. Clearly the majority will not be able to relate to the minorities. So why would the media spend time and resources on a story that won’t get them the same ratings. And it just so happens that that ignored story is about a Black/Hispanic/Asian women, who have gone missing.
2. The composition of the typical American newsroom might be the second reason. The American Society of Newspaper Editors estimates that only 13 percent of all journalists at newspapers are minorities (including Hispanics). In TV newsrooms, minorities make up about 22 percent of the workforce, according to the Radio-Television News Directors Association. About 32 percent of the U.S. population is non-white or Hispanic. This composition causes lack of opinion and diversity in the choice of news. If you are white, chances are that you will be moved by the story of a young white woman, not a young black woman.
Racial bias in the media extends beyond news about missing people
There is an inherent racial bias in news coverage as we see it today. Most news stories on TV and in newspapers focus on black crime and other failings. There is a feeling that the media do not give whites or even other racial minorities the same scrutiny.
This bias stems from the fact that racial minorities are so severely underrepresented in the media, comprising only 12 percent of newsroom employees while making up 30 percent of the population. As a result, stories about African Americans, their communities, and issues relevant to them are generally driven, reported, and presented by people who have no idea what’s really going on in the community. A study of ABC World News Tonight, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News last year showed that 92 percent of all U.S. sources interviewed were white, 85 percent were male. The study was conducted in 2001 for the New York-based media watch group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), by the international media analysis firm Media Tenor. http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1865
There is biased coverage coming out of racially imbalanced newsrooms A recent and glaring example is that of Hurricane Katrina. In an interview with the Nation in 2005, Pamela Newkirk, author and professor of journalism at New York University pointed out that the coverage of New Orleans during and immediately after the hurricane was rife with racial stereotypes. http://www.thenation.com/blogs/audioblog?bid=8&pid=21829
The media paid more attention
to isolated cases of looting that to the large scale suffering of the people on ground. She said she cannot imagine this sort of a thing happening in Des Moines, Iowa where a majority of the population is white. Newkirk made the point that journalists were simply unaware of the level of poverty in this part of the country, which resulted in their flawed and one sided reporting.
Newkirk’s point is poignant and relates back to the story of missing people. By largely ignoring and overlooking the pain and suffering of the people in New Orleans at a time when they most needed sympathy, the media committed an egregious crime. It did so not because of some evil conspiracy but because stereotypes led them to believe certain things that clouded their judgment about the situation.
The media saw how most people who failed to evacuate happened to be poor African Americans. They failed to understand why a lot of people were unable to evacuate. After the storm the media portrayed people as looting and sniping, instead of poor folks trying to find food to survive. The media’s focus some pre-conceived notions overshadowed the suffering. In a way, the media became immune to the suffering.
The same analysis can be applied to cases of missing women who happen to be minorities. The media becomes blind when it comes to the suffering of the other—Blacks, Asians, Latinos.
But it’s not only women of color who get the raw end of the bargain. Men are completely missing from the missing persons’ coverage too.
According to FBI statistics and USA Today, men are more likely than women to be reported missing, and blacks make up a disproportionately large segment of the victims. As of May 1 2005, there were 25,389 men in the FBI’s database of active missing persons’ cases, and 22,200 cases of women. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/06/17/earlyshow/living/main702549.shtml
However, from watching television or reading national newspapers, one would be tempted to believe that the problem only affects women.
Though statistics from the FBI’s National Crime Information Center (NCIC) show there are currently over 3,000 more reported cases of missing women in the 18 to 39 age bracket than males the same age, they still don’t explain why the public rarely hears about men who vanish. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/06/17/earlyshow/living/main702549.shtml
In 2004, when Anthony Guy Urciuoli Jr. of Poughkeepsie, N.Y., disappeared under mysterious circumstances, his case only got inconsistent coverage in the local and national media. In interviews to various publications, his father said that he had written e-mails to all the media houses but they never got back to him. He also said that he believed if this were his daughter, the media would have paid more attention to it.
Case workers say the male-female discrepancy isn’t for a lack of trying on the part of advocacy groups like the National Center for Missing Adults and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
Erin Bruno, a case manager for the NCMA was quoted in an article on the FOX website saying that he faxed out a press release 10 times about missing adult males, but the media for whatever reason didn’t pick up on it. He also said in the interview that often what the media looks for is that twist or turn. Sometimes, there’s just not that (element) and so the media doesn’t run it. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,122398,00.html
This could be a result of the stereotypes ingrained in us as a society. We perceive women as the weaker sex which also makes them more vulnerable. For the most part, the American media seems perfectly happy playing into this ‘damsel in distress’ stereotype. When was the last time you heard a case about a search for a missing man on cable news? "It’s all about sex," said Clark, vice president of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in an interview with MSNBC. Young white women give editors and television producers what they want. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5325808 "There are several common threads," Clark said in the interview. "The victims who get the most coverage are female rather than male. They are white, in general, rather than young people of color. They are at least middle class, if not upper middle class. Such cases he said fit a convenient narrative pattern that storytellers have used for more than a century, a pattern whose design still incorporates remnants of an outmoded view of women and black people and their roles in society."
"In many, many cities going back 50, 75 years or more, journalists would refer to ‘good murders’ and ‘bad murders," Clark said, explaining how editors and reporters choose what police stories to cover. The example of a bad murder would be the murder of an African-American person from a poor neighborhood, he said. The definition of a good murder is a socialite killed by her jealous husband, the debutante murdered by her angry boyfriend. When it comes to police stories, Clark said, there is this perverted, racist view of the world. White is good; black is bad. "Blonde is good; dark is bad. Young is good; old is bad. And I think we can find versions of this story going back to the tabloid wars of more than a hundred years ago."
But the way the mainstream media covers a particular missing person’s story is not only a matter of race and gender and equality. It is at times a question of life and death and of finding those have gone missing. The coverage can often be a deciding factor in finding the person, and so the decision to pick one kind of person over another becomes all the more a question of responsibility for the media. Recently, due to the widespread coverage given to the missing white child, nicknamed Baby Grace, her grandmother was able to look at the pictures on television and tell the police that the child looked like her grand daughter, Riley Ann Sawyers, who was beaten to death by her mother and stepfather a few months ago.
Conclusion: The mainstream media has been imbalanced and unapologetic about its coverage of the missing young white woman and even though the ratings might suggest otherwise, audiences are taking not of the injustice. Several bloggers have taken up the cause of those missing and often ignored by the mainstream media. Blogs such as black and missing (http://blackandmissing.blogspot.com/) and crime scene blog (http://www.crimesceneblog.com/?p=565) document stories and developments on missing people that will never get the kind of coverage Natalie Holloway and Laci Peterson got.
Sources: "Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting"
“Federal Bureau of Investigation" "Columbia Journalism Review" "Poynter Institute for Media Studies"
If you have been watching Larry King Live on CNN, or On the record with Greta Van Susteren on FOX news or the Today Show on MSNBC in the last three weeks, you will be up-to-date with news and developments in the high profile cases of Natalee Holloway and Stacy Peterson. And if by some chance you tuned into Nancy Grace on Headline News, chances are
that you are about to explode with information about missing women like Holloway and Peterson. Holloway, a teenager went missing during a graduation trip in 2005 from Aruba. Last week, the Federal Bureau of Investigation re-arrested three young men previously named as suspects in the disappearance.
But even before the FBI released any substantial new information with regard to their arrests, the media, mainly the cable news shows, went into full drive with the coverage of the case. Shows like Larry King Live and Greta Van Susteren summoned lawyers, experts and even family members to comment on the new developments. This Saturday, two of the suspects in the case were released once again after a judge ruled the evidence wasn’t strong enough to keep holding them.
Meanwhile, 23-year-old Stacy Peterson, who has been missing since October of this year, has been at the center of another media storm. Authorities have named her 53-year-old husband a suspect in what they have said is a potential homicide. While, there have been no breakthroughs in the case yet, it hasn’t discouraged Larry King and others from speculating about the case on live prime time television, thereby brining a ton of attention to the case. As it happens, both Holloway and Peterson are white attractive women.
Is it just a coincidence that the two most famous missing people in America right now happen to be young white women? Historical evidence suggests that this instance is the rule rather than the exception.
Media coverage of cases related to missing white women has been disproportionately larger than the coverage of cases related to missing women of minorities and missing men.
Compare, for instance, coverage and name recognition for the cases of Natalee Holloway (missing since 2005 from Aruba and presumed dead), Lori Hacking (found murdered in 2004), Laci Peterson (went missing in 2002, found murdered), Elizabeth Smart (went missing in 2002, found alive), and Audrey Seiler (allegedly kidnapped in Wisconsin; later Seiler admitted to faking her own kidnapping) with the cases of Tamika Huston (disappeared in 2004, later found dead), LaToyia Figueroa (five-month pregnant African American and Hispanic woman went missing in 2005 and was found murdered), Lottie Wise (a black 91-year-old Alzheimer’s patient went missing. Wise got next to no coverage) and Kenji Ohmi (a Japanese student studying in the United States. Went missing in 2006 and was found dead a month later the same year.) Chances are you won’t even know who the people on the second list are. According to FBI statistics, African-Americans and other minorities make up a larger portion of missing victims than the media represents. However, cases like Huston’s often get little attention.
When Huston, a 24-year-old African-American girl from South Carolina went missing in 2004, Eugene Kane, a black journalist for the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote a column chastising the media for completely overlooking her case. He pointed out the obvious: that Huston’s disappearance had not been featured on the usual round of morning and evening TV shows that regularly jump on the bandwagon for missing women. http://www2.jsonline.com/news/metro/sep04/262204.asp
A similar case involved 25-year-old LaToyia Figueroa, of African-American and Hispanic descent who was reported missing in 2005. Figueroa, who was five months pregnant at the time, was reported missing after she failed to show up to work. She was later found strangled to death.
But Figueroa’s disappearance got no attention on cable television news. Channels, such as CNN, MSNBC, and Fox News Channel, neglected to cover Figueroa’s story in favor of Natalee Holloway, a Caucasian teen missing on the island of Aruba. Since Figueroa’s case was similar to the Laci Peterson case, ideally it should have got the same amount of attention.
In June this year MSNBC was criticized by bloggers for cancelling a segment on a missing 22-year-old African-American Florida girl, Stepha Henry, to cover Paris Hilton. http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/msnbc/paris_think_about_what_isnt_covered_60687.asp
The tendency of the media to give preference to cases involving young white women has been termed as the missing white woman syndrome. The term has become so common, not only in the media and among media critics, but also among other Americans, that it now has its own entry on Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome
The missing white woman syndrome is a term used to describe the alleged disproportionate media coverage of white female victims. The individual may be simply missing, or worse, raped and murdered; but the essential element of the phenomenon is that her gender, race, and age play a big role on why she is chosen—out of the thousands of people who go missing in the Unites States every year—to be featured prominently on the news.
Reporting on these “missing white woman” stories may last for weeks or months and displace reporting on other current events. However, it has been most prevalent in U.S. media, on 24-hour cable news channels with shows like Nancy Grace and Greta Van Susteren whose main diet consists of various reports on missing women.
There might be two reasons or a combination of these two reasons that explain this trend:
1. The life line of cable news is ratings and popularity. So it’s not surprising that a channel would choose to show the news that garners the highest ratings for it. In the year 2005-06, ratings for Headline News’ prime time show, Nancy Grace, increased 181 percent, from an average of 216,000 to 606,000 viewers, the most growth of any cable news show during that year. Meanwhile, Greta Van Susteren’s On the Record on Fox New Channel became the most watched news show on cable TV among the key demographic group of 25-54 year-olds, according to Nielsen Research. During July 2005, the show averaged 614,000 viewers in that age bracket. During much of the month, Van Susteren anchored her show from Aruba to keep close watch on the hunt for missing teenager Natalee Holloway.
What gets those ratings is news that can keep the audience gripped. The most common reason for people to be interested in any kind of news or event is if they are about to connect with it and relate to it. In a country with a majority white population that news often tends to be about whites. Clearly the majority will not be able to relate to the minorities. So why would the media spend time and resources on a story that won’t get them the same ratings. And it just so happens that that ignored story is about a Black/Hispanic/Asian women, who have gone missing.
2. The composition of the typical American newsroom might be the second reason. The American Society of Newspaper Editors estimates that only 13 percent of all journalists at newspapers are minorities (including Hispanics). In TV newsrooms, minorities make up about 22 percent of the workforce, according to the Radio-Television News Directors Association. About 32 percent of the U.S. population is non-white or Hispanic. This composition causes lack of opinion and diversity in the choice of news. If you are white, chances are that you will be moved by the story of a young white woman, not a young black woman.
Racial bias in the media extends beyond news about missing people
There is an inherent racial bias in news coverage as we see it today. Most news stories on TV and in newspapers focus on black crime and other failings. There is a feeling that the media do not give whites or even other racial minorities the same scrutiny.
This bias stems from the fact that racial minorities are so severely underrepresented in the media, comprising only 12 percent of newsroom employees while making up 30 percent of the population. As a result, stories about African Americans, their communities, and issues relevant to them are generally driven, reported, and presented by people who have no idea what’s really going on in the community. A study of ABC World News Tonight, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News last year showed that 92 percent of all U.S. sources interviewed were white, 85 percent were male. The study was conducted in 2001 for the New York-based media watch group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), by the international media analysis firm Media Tenor. http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1865
There is biased coverage coming out of racially imbalanced newsrooms A recent and glaring example is that of Hurricane Katrina. In an interview with the Nation in 2005, Pamela Newkirk, author and professor of journalism at New York University pointed out that the coverage of New Orleans during and immediately after the hurricane was rife with racial stereotypes. http://www.thenation.com/blogs/audioblog?bid=8&pid=21829
The media paid more attention
to isolated cases of looting that to the large scale suffering of the people on ground. She said she cannot imagine this sort of a thing happening in Des Moines, Iowa where a majority of the population is white. Newkirk made the point that journalists were simply unaware of the level of poverty in this part of the country, which resulted in their flawed and one sided reporting.
Newkirk’s point is poignant and relates back to the story of missing people. By largely ignoring and overlooking the pain and suffering of the people in New Orleans at a time when they most needed sympathy, the media committed an egregious crime. It did so not because of some evil conspiracy but because stereotypes led them to believe certain things that clouded their judgment about the situation.
The media saw how most people who failed to evacuate happened to be poor African Americans. They failed to understand why a lot of people were unable to evacuate. After the storm the media portrayed people as looting and sniping, instead of poor folks trying to find food to survive. The media’s focus some pre-conceived notions overshadowed the suffering. In a way, the media became immune to the suffering.
The same analysis can be applied to cases of missing women who happen to be minorities. The media becomes blind when it comes to the suffering of the other—Blacks, Asians, Latinos.
But it’s not only women of color who get the raw end of the bargain. Men are completely missing from the missing persons’ coverage too.
According to FBI statistics and USA Today, men are more likely than women to be reported missing, and blacks make up a disproportionately large segment of the victims. As of May 1 2005, there were 25,389 men in the FBI’s database of active missing persons’ cases, and 22,200 cases of women. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/06/17/earlyshow/living/main702549.shtml
However, from watching television or reading national newspapers, one would be tempted to believe that the problem only affects women.
Though statistics from the FBI’s National Crime Information Center (NCIC) show there are currently over 3,000 more reported cases of missing women in the 18 to 39 age bracket than males the same age, they still don’t explain why the public rarely hears about men who vanish. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/06/17/earlyshow/living/main702549.shtml
In 2004, when Anthony Guy Urciuoli Jr. of Poughkeepsie, N.Y., disappeared under mysterious circumstances, his case only got inconsistent coverage in the local and national media. In interviews to various publications, his father said that he had written e-mails to all the media houses but they never got back to him. He also said that he believed if this were his daughter, the media would have paid more attention to it.
Case workers say the male-female discrepancy isn’t for a lack of trying on the part of advocacy groups like the National Center for Missing Adults and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
Erin Bruno, a case manager for the NCMA was quoted in an article on the FOX website saying that he faxed out a press release 10 times about missing adult males, but the media for whatever reason didn’t pick up on it. He also said in the interview that often what the media looks for is that twist or turn. Sometimes, there’s just not that (element) and so the media doesn’t run it. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,122398,00.html
This could be a result of the stereotypes ingrained in us as a society. We perceive women as the weaker sex which also makes them more vulnerable. For the most part, the American media seems perfectly happy playing into this ‘damsel in distress’ stereotype. When was the last time you heard a case about a search for a missing man on cable news? "It’s all about sex," said Clark, vice president of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in an interview with MSNBC. Young white women give editors and television producers what they want. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5325808 "There are several common threads," Clark said in the interview. "The victims who get the most coverage are female rather than male. They are white, in general, rather than young people of color. They are at least middle class, if not upper middle class. Such cases he said fit a convenient narrative pattern that storytellers have used for more than a century, a pattern whose design still incorporates remnants of an outmoded view of women and black people and their roles in society."
"In many, many cities going back 50, 75 years or more, journalists would refer to ‘good murders’ and ‘bad murders," Clark said, explaining how editors and reporters choose what police stories to cover. The example of a bad murder would be the murder of an African-American person from a poor neighborhood, he said. The definition of a good murder is a socialite killed by her jealous husband, the debutante murdered by her angry boyfriend. When it comes to police stories, Clark said, there is this perverted, racist view of the world. White is good; black is bad. "Blonde is good; dark is bad. Young is good; old is bad. And I think we can find versions of this story going back to the tabloid wars of more than a hundred years ago."
But the way the mainstream media covers a particular missing person’s story is not only a matter of race and gender and equality. It is at times a question of life and death and of finding those have gone missing. The coverage can often be a deciding factor in finding the person, and so the decision to pick one kind of person over another becomes all the more a question of responsibility for the media. Recently, due to the widespread coverage given to the missing white child, nicknamed Baby Grace, her grandmother was able to look at the pictures on television and tell the police that the child looked like her grand daughter, Riley Ann Sawyers, who was beaten to death by her mother and stepfather a few months ago.
Conclusion: The mainstream media has been imbalanced and unapologetic about its coverage of the missing young white woman and even though the ratings might suggest otherwise, audiences are taking not of the injustice. Several bloggers have taken up the cause of those missing and often ignored by the mainstream media. Blogs such as black and missing (http://blackandmissing.blogspot.com/) and crime scene blog (http://www.crimesceneblog.com/?p=565) document stories and developments on missing people that will never get the kind of coverage Natalie Holloway and Laci Peterson got.
Sources: "Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting"
“Federal Bureau of Investigation" "Columbia Journalism Review" "Poynter Institute for Media Studies"
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